This model is the simplest interpretation of Keynes's theory of how national income is determined.
這個模型是凱恩斯關於國民收入如何被決定的理論的最簡單解釋
在“通論”中,凱恩斯提出經濟的總收入在短期內主要由家庭,企業和政府的支出計劃決定。 越多的人想要消費,公司可以銷售越多的商品和服務。 公司可以銷售的商品和服務越多,他們選擇生產的產出越多,他們將選擇聘用的工人越多。 凱恩斯認為,經濟衰退和蕭條期間的問題是支出不足。凱恩斯交叉是對這種見解建模的嘗試。
Planned expenditure is the amount households, firms, and the government would like to spend on goods and services.(記住would like to spend/buy)
計劃支出是家庭、企業和政府想花在產品和服務上的數額。
Actual expenditure is the amount households, firms, and the government spend on goods and services.
實際支出是家庭、企業和政府花在產品和服務上的數額。
The next piece of the Keynesian cross is the assumption that the economy is in equilibrium when actual expenditure equals planned expenditure. This assumption is based on the idea that when people's plans have been realized, they have no reason to change what they are doing.
凱恩斯交叉是假設當 實際支出=計劃支出 時,經濟處於均衡狀態。
這個假設是基於:當人們的計劃實現時,他們沒有理由改變他們當前的行為。
例如:我今天想買1件衣服,結果我去買了1件衣服,我實現了我的計劃,不再改變當前的行為。
1、關於理解企業是減少生產還是增加生產
計劃支出是家庭、企業和政府 would like to spend/buy 的
計劃支出PE 小於 實際支出Y 就是家庭、企業和政府 would like to spend/buy 的數量少了,那麽企業銷售的低於其生產的,產品賣不完,企業減少生產。
所以,計劃支出PE<實際支出Y [公式] 企業減少生產
計劃支出PE 大於 實際支出Y 就是家庭、企業和政府 would like to spend/buy 的數量多了,那麽企業通過減少存貨來滿足多出來那些購買需求,當企業看到自己的存貨減少時,企業就雇傭更多工人增加生產。
所以,計劃支出E>實際支出Y [公式] 企業增加生產
2、增加生產和減少生產怎麽讓經濟達到均衡
Why would actual expenditure ever differ from planned expenditure? The answer is that firms might engage in unplanned inventory investment because their sales do not meet their expectations. When firms sell less of their product than they planned, their stock of inventories automatically rises; conversely, when firms sell more than planned, their stock of inventories falls. Because these unplanned changes in inventory are counted as investment spending by firms, actual expenditure can be either above or below planned expenditure.
為什麽實際支出與計劃支出有所不同?答案是公司可能會從事無計劃的庫存投資,因為他們的銷售額不符合他們的預期。當公司比他們計劃的銷售更少的產品時,他們的庫存量會自動增加;相反,當公司比計劃銷售更多時,他們的庫存量就會下降。因為這些計劃外的庫存變化被視為企業的投資支出,所以實際支出可以高於或低於計劃支出。