壹．進口商不依合同開證
最常見的是：進口商不按期開證或不開證(如在市場變化和外匯、進口管制嚴格的情形下)；進口商在信用證中增添壹些對其有利的附加條款(如單方面提高保險級別、金額、變換目的港、更改包裝等)，以達到企圖變更合同的目的；進口商在信用證中做出許多限制性的規定等
二．進口商故設障
進口商往往利用信用證"嚴格壹致"的原則，蓄意在信用證中增添壹些難以履行的條件，或設置壹些陷阱。如規定不確定，有字誤以及條款內容相互矛盾的信用證
信用證上存在字誤，如受益人名稱、地址、裝運船、地址、有效期限等打錯字。此外，信用證中規定禁止分批裝運卻又限定每批交貨的期限，或既允許提示聯運提單卻又禁止轉船，或者要求的保險的種類相互重疊等，這些無疑是相互矛盾的
三．進口商偽造信用證，或竊取其他銀行已印好的空白格式信用證，或與已倒閉或瀕臨破產的銀行的職員惡意串通開出信用證等
四．進口商規定要求不易獲得的單據的信用
某特定人簽字的單據，或註明貨物配船部位或裝在船艙內的貨櫃提單、或明確要求FOB可CFR條件下憑保險公司回執申請議付，這些對作為受益人的賣方來說根本無法履行或非賣方所能控制
如：信用證規定，要求受益人提供由商檢局出具品質和數量和價格檢驗證明的條款，根據中國商品檢驗局的規定，商檢局只能出具品質和數量的檢驗證明，但不能出具價格的檢驗證明。因此，非賣方所能獲得，應及時要求買方通過銀行修改，取消有關價格檢驗的詞句。
五．信用證規定的要求與有關國家的法律規定不壹或有關部門規章不同
實踐中，賣方不可疏忽大意的是雖然信用證表面規定有利於己方的條件，但有關國家或地方的法律以及有關出單部門的規定，不允許信用證上的規定得以實現。
六．塗改信用證詐騙
進口商將過期失效的信用證刻意塗改，變更原證的金額，裝船期和受益人名稱，並直接郵寄或面交受益人，以騙取出口貨物，或誘使出口方向其開立信用證，騙取銀行融資。
七．偽造保兌信用證詐騙
所謂"偽造信用證詐騙"，是指進口商在提供假信用證的基礎上，為獲得出口方的信任，蓄意偽造國際大銀行的保兌函，以達到騙取賣方大宗出口貨物的目的。
八．規定必須另行指示知才能生效的信用
如果信用證規定須進壹步才能裝船、裝船日期另行通知、貨物樣品經檢驗認可等，都可能造成因不通知而不了了之，致使賣方備貨後，由於貨價的上漲或下
The risk of the exporter in the following areas:
1. Importer issuing the contract for non-compliance
The most common is: do not schedule importer issuing or not issuing (such as changes in the market and foreign exchange, import control strictly the case); importer in letters of credit in favor of adding some additional terms (such as unilateral raise the insurance level, the amount of changing the port of destination, change the packaging, etc.) in order to achieve the purpose of attempting to change the contract; importer in letters of credit to make a number of restrictive regulations
二. It importers for impaired
Importers often use letters of credit "strict line" principle, deliberately added in the letter of credit are difficult to fulfill the conditions, or set some traps. If the provisions of uncertainty, there is the word error, as well as contradictory terms of the letter of credit
The existence of credit misuse of the word, such as beneficiary names, addresses, shipping vessels, address, expiration date, such as a typing error. In addition, letters of credit in partial shipment prohibited but limited the duration of each delivery, or through bills of lading is prompted to allow it to prohibit trans-shipment, or the requirements of overlap between the types of insurance, which is contradictory
三. Importers of forged letters of credit, or theft of other banks have a blank form printed letters of credit, or the brink of bankruptcy has been closed down or the bank's staff malicious collusion, such as opening of letters of credit
四. Importers required documents are not readily available credit
Signature of a particular document, or indicate that the goods with the site or in a ship cabin and container bill of lading, or explicitly requested under the condition of FOB may CFR receipt by the insurance company to apply for negotiation, such as the beneficiary is not the seller beyond the control of the seller or non-fulfillment
Such as: letter of credit requirement for the beneficiaries of Export Commodities Inspection Bureau issued by the quality and quantity and price testing to prove the terms of China Commodity Inspection Bureau in accordance with the provisions of Export Commodities Inspection Bureau issued only test the quality and quantity of proof, but it can not issue price of the test proved. Therefore, the available non-seller, the buyer should be modified through a bank to remove the words and phrases related to price tests.
五. The requirements of the letter of credit with the relevant provisions of national laws and regulations in different departments or different
Practice, the seller can not be negligent of the surface, although the provisions of the letter of credit in favor of one's own conditions, but the state or local law and the provisions of a single department, the provisions do not allow letters of credit can be achieved.
六. Altered the letter of credit fraud
Importers of expired letters of credit will be deliberately altered, changing the amount of the original permit, loading period and the beneficiary name and beneficiary of direct mail or in person to cheat the export of goods, or to induce the direction of the opening of export letters of credit, bank financing fraud.
7. Forged letters of credit insurance against fraud
The so-called "forged letter of credit fraud" refers to the importer to provide the basis of false letters of credit, in order to obtain the confidence of exporters and deliberately forged international banks confirming letters to cheat the seller in order to achieve the purpose of bulk exports.
8. Instructions required to know in order to separate the entry into force of the credit
If the letter of credit required to be shipped, shipping date of notice, samples of goods approved by the inspection, which may probably be caused by nothing because they did not notice, with the result that the seller after the stock, due to price increases or the next