Overview -- [name of Antarctica. Is the final arrival of the mainland, also known as the "seventh continent." Location : Located in the southernmost tip of the Earth. Almost all the land in the Antarctic circle, surrounded by the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. Is the world's geographic latitude highest one Chau. Area : total area of about 14 million square kilometers, or about the world's total land area of 9.4%. Scope : from around the Antarctic continent, and continental ice islands, the mainland area of 12.393 million square kilometers, continental ice area of 1.582 million square kilometers, the island area of 76,000 square kilometers. Geographical areas : Antarctica pm East and West Antarctica Antarctica in two parts. East Antarctica from east longitude 30 ° extension to 170 ° east longitude, including Coutts, the Queen Maud Land Enderby, Wilkes, George V Coast, Victoria Land, Antarctica and the pole plateau. Area of 10.18 million square kilometers. West Antarctica is located at longitude 50 ° -160 °, including the Antarctic Peninsula, Alexander Island, Ellsworth, as well as Byrd Land (Mary. Byrd Land), an area of 2.29 million square kilometers. Residents : Antarctica, the only continent some from other scientific whaling and test teams, no permanent residents. History : 1738? 739, the French Kazibwe maritime Antarctic discovered in a nearby island (this Kazibwe Island). 1772? 775, Cook arrived at the British Antarctic located near the South Shetland Islands. 1820? 821, Americans Palmer, Tsarist Russia who Bellingshausen and Novolazarevskaya. British Bransfield have discovered that the Antarctic continent. 1838? 842, Ross British, French Dierweier. Wilkes and other Americans visited the Antarctic continent. December 1911 Amundsen of Norway and other four people first arrived in the Antarctic Pole. 1928-1929, and the Americans made several Antarctic flight inspection, and establish a "mini Asia and the United States Geography base." [Antarctic Expedition -- international activities in December 1959, 12 countries signed the "Antarctic Treaty." Its main contents are : Antarctica used only for peaceful purposes, and to ensure that in the Antarctic regions freedom of scientific investigation. to promote scientific study of international cooperation, prohibited in all areas of the Antarctic with military activities and the nature of nuclear explosions and the disposal of radioactive waste. Antarctic freeze on the territorial requirements. At present, many countries in the world have acceded to the "Antarctic Treaty." China and the Antarctic : November 20, 1984, China sent 591 members of the Antarctic expedition team. on the "Xiangyanghong 10" Antarctic exploration ship first went to the station and inspected. February 1985 Antarctic Great Wall of China on King George Island, the southern tip of the peninsula Fildes completed, geographical coordinates of latitude 62 ° 12'59 "W 58 ° 57'52" from the Beijing 17501.9 km. November 20, 1988 and 1989 on April 10 in east China's polar expedition team in Antarctica Larsemann Hills China on the establishment of the Zhongshan Station in Antarctica, the Zhongshan Station geographical coordinates of latitude 69 ° 22'24 " east longitude 76 ° 22'24 ", 12553.2 km from Beijing. from the South Pole [2,903 km coastline of the Antarctic environment -- the mainland coastline of about 24,700 km. Marginal Seas of Antarctica and marginal sea island belonging to the South Pacific in another high-Jin Billings, the Ross Sea. Amundsen Sea and belongs to the South Atlantic, such as the SEA. The main island is Auckland Islands, Kazibwe Island, South Shetlands Islands, South Ossetia Paradise Islands, Adelaide Island, Alexander Island, Peter the First Island, South Georgia Island, Prince Edward Islands and the South Sandwich Islands. The topography of the Trans-Antarctic Mountains to the Antarctic continent is divided into two parts. East Antarctica, the larger, as an ancient shield and associate Plain, the Trans-Antarctic Mountains stretching from the edge of the shield; West Antarctica smaller size of a folded belt, the mountains, plateaus and basins. Two things are part of a settlement between the Strip, from the Ross Sea has been extended to the SEA. Antarctica mainland average altitude of 350 meters is the highest on earth Chau. Byrd Land highest point (to Malibade) Vinson Massif 5 140 meters above sea level. Almost all of the mainland was covered by snow, ice thickness is 1 880 meters and 4000 meters thick. Ocean around the continent there are many tall ice barrier and the tip. All at only 2% of the land without perennial ice cover, known as the Antarctic ice sheets "Oasis" is the main plant and animal habitat land. "Oasis" is the peak, cliffs, lakes and volcanoes. Ross Ailibaishi volcanic island is a well-known active volcanoes. Climate : The climate of Antarctica is characterized by the cold wind and dry. Island-wide average temperature of -25 ° C, inland plateau average temperature of -56 ℃, extreme minimum temperature of -89.2 ° C was reached, the world's most cold land. Island-wide average speed of 17? 8 m / s wind speed along the ground often as 45 m / sec, maximum wind speed up to 75 m / s and above, the wind is the world's largest and strongest wind areas. Most regional rainfall is less than 250 mm, only mainland marginal areas up to about 500 mm. Island-wide average annual rainfall of 55 millimeters of precipitation within the mainland, only about 30 mm, pole near almost no precipitation, the air is very dry, the "white desert" for all. Seasonal and diurnal : Antarctic winter every year, warm two quarters, four? 0 months of the cold season, 11 woo text? Month is warm. In the quarter pole near continuous cold night, this time near the Antarctic Circle often appear dazzling aurora; Warm the contrary, To consecutive day, the sun always tilt irradiation. Pole and the South Pole of Inaccessibility : South Geomagnetic Pole that the Antarctic 1985 South Pole position is about 24 ° N 139 ', south latitude 65 ° 36'. "Pole of Inaccessibility," is about to south latitude 82 ° and 55 ° N-60 ° to the center of the Heights, the high and steep terrain. Glacier became an outflow of Oita ice line, it is hard to approach or reach areas. Natural resources -- minerals in Antarctica contains more than 220 mineral species. Mainly coal, oil, natural gas, platinum, uranium, iron, manganese, copper, nickel, cobalt, chromium, lead, tin, zinc, gold, copper, aluminum, Antimony, graphite, silver, diamonds, and so on. Mainly in East Antarctica, the Antarctic Peninsula and coastal islands. Victoria Land as a large coalfield area, south of gold, silver and graphite mine, the entire western continental shelf oil and natural gas is very rich, Prince Charles discovered enormous iron ore belt, George V Marine reserves are tin, lead, antimony, molybdenum, zinc, copper, the Antarctic Peninsula is a central part of manganese and copper, the coastal Ashipulan Island nickel, cobalt, chromium ore, Sangweiai Ailibaishi volcanic islands and a sulfur storage. Biological : Antarctica plants scarce, only mosses, algae, lichens and several flowering plants. Seawater or marginal land animals common seals, sea lions and dolphins, birds are penguins, albatrosses, gulls, petrels; China abounds in marine cetacean, a blue whale, herring and humpback whales, such as whales, is the world's largest production whale areas. Antarctic seas around krill also abounds, with an estimated annual output of about a catch? .5 Million tons of aquatic products for human needs. Water resources : Antarctica is a tremendous natural "refrigerator", is the world's fresh water to the storage.
中文部分
概況
名稱 南極洲。是人類最後到達的大陸，也叫“第七大陸。”
位置：位於地球最南端，土地幾乎都在南極圈內，四周瀕太平洋、印度洋和大西洋。是世界上地理緯度最高的壹個洲。
面積：總面積約1 400萬平方千米，約占世界陸地總面積的9.4％。
範圍：由圍繞南極的大陸、陸緣冰和島嶼組成，其中大陸面積1 239.3萬平方千米，陸緣冰面積158.2萬平方千米，島嶼面積7.6萬平方千米。
地理分區：南極洲分東南極洲和西南極洲兩部分。東南極洲從西經30°向東延伸到東經170°，包括科茨地、毛德皇後地、恩德比地、威爾克斯地、喬治五世海岸、維多利亞地、南極高原和極點。面積1 018萬平方千米。西南極洲位於西經50°-160°之間，包括南極半島、亞歷山大島、埃爾斯沃思地以及伯德地（瑪麗．伯德地）等，面積229萬平方千米。
居民：南極洲僅有壹些來自其它大陸的科學考查人員和捕鯨隊，無定居居民。
簡史：1738?739年，法國人布韋航海時發現了南極附近的壹個島嶼（今布韋島）。1772?775年，英國人庫克到達南極附近的南設得蘭群島。1820?821年，美國人帕爾默、沙俄人別林斯高晉和拉紮列夫、英國人布蘭斯菲爾德先後發現了南極大陸。1838?842年，英國人羅斯、法國人迪爾維爾、美國人威爾克斯等先後考察了南極大陸。1911年12月阿蒙森等四名挪威人首次到達南極極點。1928-1929年，美國人作了幾次南極飛行考察，並建立了“小亞美利加基地”。
南極考察
國際活動 1959年12月，由12個國家簽訂了《南極條約》。其主要內容是：南極洲僅用於和平目的，保證在南極地區進行科學考察的自由，促進科學考察中的國際合作，禁止在南極地區進行壹切具有軍事性質的活動及核爆炸和處理放射廢物，凍結對南極的領土要求等。目前，世界上許多國家都加入了《南極條約》。
我國與南極：1984年11月20日，我國派出591人組成的南極考察隊，乘“向陽紅10號”考察船首次赴南極建站與考察。1985年2月中國南極長城站在喬治王島菲爾德斯半島南端落成，地理坐標為南緯62°12′59〃,西經58°57′52〃，距北京17501.9千米。1988年11月20日-1989年4月10日中國東南極考察隊在南極大陸拉斯曼丘陵上建立了中國南極中山站，中山站地理坐標為南緯69°22′24〃,東經76°22′24〃，距北京12553.2千米，距南極點2903千米
自然環境
海岸線 南極洲大陸海岸線長約24 700千米。
邊緣海與島嶼 南極洲邊緣海有屬於南太平洋的別林斯高晉海、羅斯海、阿蒙森海和屬於南大西洋的威德爾海等。主要島嶼有奧克蘭群島、布韋島、南設得蘭群島、南奧克尼群島、阿德萊德島、亞歷山大島、彼得壹世島、南喬治亞島、愛德華王子群島、南桑威奇群島。 地形 橫貫南極的山脈將南極大陸分為兩部分。東南極洲，面積較大，為壹古老的地盾和準平原，橫貫南極山脈綿延於地盾的邊緣；西南極洲面積較小，為壹褶皺帶，由山地、高原和盆地組成。東西兩部分之間有壹沈陷地帶，從羅斯海壹直延伸到威德爾海。南極洲大陸平均海拔2 350米，是地球上最高的洲。最高點伯德地（瑪麗·伯德地）的文森山海拔5 140米。大陸幾乎全部被冰雪所覆蓋，冰層平均厚度有1 880米，最厚達4 000米以上。大陸周圍的海洋上有許多高大的冰障和冰山。全洲僅2％的土地無長年冰雪覆蓋，被稱為南極冰原的“綠洲”，是動植物主要生息之地。“綠洲”上有高峰、懸崖、湖泊和火山。羅斯島上的埃裏伯斯火山是著名的活火山。
氣候：南極洲的氣候特點是酷寒、風大和幹燥。全洲年平均氣溫為－25℃，內陸高原平均氣溫為－56℃左右，極端最低氣溫曾達－89.2℃，為世界最冷的陸地。全洲平均風速17?8米／秒，沿岸地面風速常達45米／秒，最大風速可達75米／秒以上，是世界上風力最強和最多風的地區。絕大部分地區降水量不足250毫米，僅大陸邊緣地區可達500毫米左右。全洲年平均降水量為55毫米，大陸內部年降水量僅30毫米左右，極點附近幾乎無降水，空氣非常幹燥，有“白色荒漠”之稱.
季節與晝夜：南極洲每年分寒、暖兩季，4?0月是寒季，11棿文?月是暖季。在極點附近寒季為連續黑夜，這時在南極圈附近常出現光彩奪目的極光；暖季則相反，為連續白晝，太陽總是傾斜照射。
南磁極與難達之極：南磁極即地磁的南極，1985年南磁極的位置約為東經139° 24′，南緯65°36′。“難達之極”是約以南緯82°和東經55°- 60°為中心的高地，由於地勢高峻，成為大陸冰川外流的壹大分冰線，是難於接近或到達的地區。
自然資源
礦物 南極洲蘊藏的礦物有220余種。主要有煤、石油、天然氣、鉑、鈾、鐵、錳、銅、鎳、鈷、鉻、鉛、錫、鋅、金、銅、鋁、銻、石墨、銀、金剛石等。主要分布在東南極洲、南極半島和沿海島嶼地區。如維多利亞地有大面積煤田，南部有金、銀和石墨礦，整個西部大陸架的石油、天然氣均很豐富，查爾斯王子山發現巨大鐵礦帶，喬治五世海岸蘊藏有錫、鉛、銻、鉬、鋅、銅等，南極半島中央部分有錳和銅礦，沿海的阿斯普蘭島有鎳、鈷、鉻等礦，桑威奇島和埃裏伯斯火山儲有硫磺。
生物：南極洲植物稀少，僅有苔蘚、藻類、地衣和幾種顯花植物。海水中或陸地邊緣的常見動物有海豹、海獅和海豚，鳥類有企鵝、信天翁、海鷗、海燕等；海洋中盛產鯨類，有藍鯨、鯡鯨和駝背鯨等，是世界上產鯨最多的地區。南極周圍海洋中還盛產磷蝦，估計年捕獲量可達1?.5億噸，可供人類對水產品的需求。
水資源：南極洲是個巨大的天然“冷庫”，是世界上淡水的重要儲藏地。